Mishnah
Mishnah

Chasidut sobre Pirkei Avot 4:5

רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ אוֹמֵר, הַלּוֹמֵד תּוֹרָה עַל מְנָת לְלַמֵּד, מַסְפִּיקִין בְּיָדוֹ לִלְמֹד וּלְלַמֵּד. וְהַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לַעֲשׂוֹת, מַסְפִּיקִין בְּיָדוֹ לִלְמֹד וּלְלַמֵּד לִשְׁמֹר וְלַעֲשׂוֹת. רַבִּי צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר, אַל תַּעֲשֵׂם עֲטָרָה לְהִתְגַּדֵּל בָּהֶם, וְלֹא קַרְדֹּם לַחְפֹּר בָּהֶם. וְכָךְ הָיָה הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר, וּדְאִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּתָגָא, חָלָף. הָא לָמַדְתָּ, כָּל הַנֶּהֱנֶה מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, נוֹטֵל חַיָּיו מִן הָעוֹלָם:

R. Yishmael, seu filho, diz: Se alguém aprende para ensinar, recebe-o para aprender e ensinar. [Esta é a versão correta. Seu significado: Se alguém aprende para se envolver constantemente na Torá, não pensando em se envolver com a bondade com os outros, como Rava (Rosh Hashaná 18a) que se ocupou com a Torá, mas não com a benignidade, mesmo que ele também deva fazê-lo, ainda assim, é dado a ele aprender e ensinar, conforme sua intenção], e se alguém aprender a fim de fazer, [querendo estudar a Torá, mas também se engajar na bondade, como Abbaye, que se envolveu na Torá e na bondade, ] é-lhe dado [cumprir sua intenção e] aprender e ensinar, manter e fazer. [Há quem explique "se alguém aprende para ensinar", a fim de ser chamado de "rabino" e que lê "não lhe é dado aprender e ensinar", mas na maioria dos livros eu achei isso na primeira versão, que é a correta.] Não faça deles (palavras da Torá) uma coroa para engrandecer-se. [Não diga: aprenderei para ser chamado de "rabino" e sentar à frente, mas aprender com o amor, e a honra está prestes a chegar], (e não os faça) uma pá com a qual cavar. [Não aprenda a Torá para ganhar a vida com isso. Para quem profana a santidade da Torá e é passível de morte pelas mãos do Céu, assim como quem obtém ganhos (pessoais) de propriedades sagradas. E os professores das crianças em idade escolar pagam apenas por observá-los sozinhos, para não danificarem as coisas e por lhes ensinar cantilações, que um professor não é obrigado a se esforçar para fazer. Mas é proibido receber pagamento pelo ensino da Torá, como está escrito (Deuteronômio 4:14): "E o Senhor me ordenou naquele tempo que lhe ensinasse estatutos e julgamentos" (Ibid. 5): "como o Senhor meu D'us me comandou "—Assim como eu, de graça, você também de graça. E também é proibido a um juiz cobrar uma taxa pela decisão, mas apenas uma "taxa de ausência", que seja manifesto que a taxa representa o que ele perde ao se ausentar de seu trabalho para ouvir os pedidos dos litigantes (desde que ele tira uma quantia igual de ambos, e se ele tira mais de um do que do outro, suas regras são anuladas.) Quanto à Torá que permite que um estudioso da Torá se beneficie das palavras da Torá, isso se aplica à venda de suas obras no mercado antes. outros o fazem e também à sua isenção de todos os impostos (pessoais), imposições e impostos sobre a propriedade. A congregação deve pagar até o imposto principal por ele. E mesmo se ele é rico e tem muito dinheiro, pode reivindicar isenção por lei. E se um estudioso da Torá está doente e mergulhado em aflições e a congregação oferece grandes presentes a ele em homenagem a sua Torá, é uma mitzvá para ele levá-los. E isso não está na categoria de lucrar com as palavras da Torá, pois é impossível para ele se sustentar de outra maneira. E, da mesma forma, um estudioso da Torá que foi nomeado um parnas (líder da comunidade) ou rosh haseder pela congregação, e que se ocupa das necessidades da congregação, pode receber um salário deles, mesmo o que excede em muito o que ele precisa de um meio de vida, para que ele seja grande, e temido e inspirador para eles, como dissemos com o sumo sacerdote de quem está escrito (Levítico 21:10): "quem é maior que seus irmãos", que os sábios explicam: "Faça dele grande com seus irmãos". Seu irmão Cohanim deve torná-lo rico com o que é deles. Quanto aos sábios primitivos, que se abstiveram disso, isso estava fora de sua perseguição, mas não é o tumulto.] E é isso que Hillel costumava dizer: "Aquele que 'usa' a coroa (da Torá) passa".— pelo qual somos ensinados que quem explora as palavras da Torá "tira a vida" do mundo.

Sha'ar HaEmunah VeYesod HaChasidut

I thank God with all my heart,3This opening is based on the verse in Tehillim (111:1). In the counsel4“Sod,” in Hebrew, means both counsel and mystery. “In the counsel of those who remain,” “b’sod hanisharim” in Hebrew, is a play on the words of Psalm 111, “b’sod yesharim,” “in the mystery of the upright of heart.” This leads us to the simple principle that the unknown becomes known through proper counsel, which is the aim of this treatise. It is also an allusion to the four major works penned by this author, collectively called Sod Yesharim, as mentioned in the introduction. As is often the case regarding the titles of Hasidic works, the numerical equivalent of the phrase, “sod yesharim,” is “Gershon Henokh.” (=630) It may be that this equation is the least significant of the mysteries contained in the pages of this book. of those who remain5“Those who remain and those who love,” refers to members of each generation who yearn for Divine truth. It is as though, at this point in the opening of the work, the author is inviting the souls of the great Torah masters of the past; for he is entering into a battle of the spirit, and not going alone. His polemic is not only armed and positioned with a regiment of prophetic spirits, but with the prophets themselves and the One who speaks to them. All God fearing men who enter into a dialogue with the soul and the “penimiyut,” or internal aspect of the Torah are a part of the counsel, and all who revere the message and morals of prophets and kabbalists and are worthy of the mystery. and those who love, 6cf. Megilla 6b, “אוהבי שרידים יושבי רקת”. According to Rashi, “lovers of Israel.” Those who thirst for God’s word, Those love His Torah with truth and wholeness. They do not learn the Torah as a woodsman sharpens his axe, in order to earn a living.7See Pirkei Avot, 4:5, Nedarim 62a, where the Sages speak sharply against those who use the Torah in order to gain honor or riches. Nor do they adorn themselves in it like a fur coat.8כאדרת שער, cf. Bereshit 25:25, “And the first came out all red, like a hairy garment.” Esav, the hunter, the man of the field, would put on the act of righteous to win his father, Yitzhak’s favor. Those who, “adorn themselves in the Torah as one wears a fancy coat,” were religious men whose saintliness was more an expression of self-aggrandizment than inner dedication. The author was known as a bold fighter, and not afraid to compare many of the self-styled scholars and holy men of his generation to Eisav. Yet they bend their ears to hear the words of the sages. Their hearts yearn to know the truth.
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Sha'ar HaEmunah VeYesod HaChasidut

And now, for the sake of our brothers and friends, who tremble at the word of God, seeking the Torah and loving its wisdom, I will now say, “Peace unto the lovers of God’s Torah!” Come, House of Yaakov, and you will walk in the light of God,481Yeshayahu, 2:5. may God be with us as He was with our forefathers, He shall not forsake us and He shall not forget us.482Melachim 1, 8:57 He shall forever lead us by peaceful waters, our rest shall be in our very progression from strength to strength, to ascend the ladder fixed in the ground which rises to Heaven! As for our revilers, who ask why we bother to invest so much contemplation into the Torah until our strength is exhausted? Who claim that the simple explanations of the written and oral Torah is enough. To them, I will offer noble words483See Mishlei, 8:6. which draw the heart of man. Come and consider, see and behold! Taste and see that God is good484Tehillim, 34:9 to those who yearn for their souls to be restored by His perfect Torah.485See Tehillim, 19:8. Those who contemplate it in the depths of their hearts will see and understand that those who taste its depths will merit life. These are the things that man will do and through them he shall live for eternity. Do you not see now that the house of Yaakov is faithful and the house of Yosef is your provider?486Bereshit, 42:6. From the time the house was established, he has been faithful to sustain Israel with every word that comes out of the mouth of God upon which man lives.487“…he would make you know that man does not live by bread alone, but rather by all that comes forth from the mouth of G-d” (Devarim, 8:3). Interpreted in hasidic terms, this means that it is not physical sustenance that gives life, but the Divine essence within the food that enlivens. So, too, the author rails against those who neglect or deny the deeper meaning of the Torah, which is like being concerned only with the body and not the soul. On a more personal level, he seems to be attacking those who deny the validity of the unique (and controversial) interpretative approach of his grandfather, R. Mordechai Yosef of Izhbitz, and of his father, R. Yaakov. Those who reject it have “no portion in Yaakov and no inheritance in the house of Yosef.” This shall cast away those who say that they have no portion in Yaakov and no inheritance in the house of Yosef. Their ways are crooked488Mishlei, 2:15 and they pervert the explanations of the Torah, hanging their misunderstandings like a lyre, preaching all of their logic which has no basis in God’s Torah, not in the words of the Tanaaim and Amoraim of the oral law, and all that they imagine they hang on a great tree489That is, claim that they can based their false interpretation on valid, earlier sources. Here, too, the author may be critiquing those who claim that Maimonides was a rationalist, who did not deal with the secrets of the Torah. The author proved that claim wrong in the first half of this work. asserting, “This is the meaning of the Torah.” For these, the House of Yaakov will be a fire and the House of Yosef like a flame!490Ovadia, 1:18. They will see and learn. They will see how to reveal the Torah of God from the plain meaning of the words, for are not His words like fire,491Yirmiyahu, 23:29. and all who desire its light with truth and faith can come and warm themselves? And likewise, as a flame it will burn all those who learn Torah in order to vex the scholars of the mysteries, and who wear it as a crown and wield it as an axe.492See the Talmud, Pirke Avot, 4:5 And now, House of Yaakov, walk in the light of God and come home. See and understand that all the words of the Torah written in this book are needed for every man of Israel, in every place and every time. And how all of the events recorded in the Torah can illuminate every soul and instruct him how to sustain his life and all that he goes through with justice.493Tehillim 112:5. For the words of the Torah are living and enduring for all eternity. All who contemplate the Torah grasp onto the tree of life, and it is life for those who hold onto it.494Mishlei, 3:18. May God illuminate our eyes to His Torah, and place His love and fear in our hearts, in order to do His will, and to serve Him with a whole heart.495From the liturgy of the morning prayer, in the blessing before the reading of the Shema Yisrael.
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